Monitoring changes in skin temperature associated with exercise in horses on a water treadmill by use of infrared thermography

Infrared thermography (IRT) was used to assess surface temperature change as an indirect measure of muscle activity and exercise associated changes in blood flow in the working hind limb muscles of horses (n¼7) undergoing water tread mill exercise. Three treatments were investigated including the treadmill ran dry (TD), water at the height of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) and water at the height of the carpus (CP). Maximum skin surface temperature was recorded from the region of these mitendinosus muscle during exercise at each water height. There was a significant difference in surface hind limb temperature between exercise on the water treadmill ran dry and with water at the height of the PIP and CP (Po0.0001) with hotter temperatures recorded during the TD treatment. There was a greater increase in surface temperature of the hind limbs from preexercise to maximum temperature during the PIP and CP treatments when compared to the TD treatment, however, this was not significant (P¼0.58). There was no significant difference in surface hind limb temperature found between exercise in water at the height of the PIP and water at the height of the CP. The findings from this study suggest that IRT is able to non-invasively detect muscle activity and associated changes in blood flow whilst horses are exercised on a water treadmill. IRT could potentially be used as an alternative method to assess muscle activity and temperature change in an aquatic environment where existing methods present methodological challenges

Abnormal enhancement of electric field inside a thin permittivity-near-zero object in free space

It is found that the electric field can be enhanced strongly inside a permittivity-near-zero object in free space, when the transverse cross section of the object is small and the length along the propagation direction of the incident wave is large enough as compared with the wavelength. The physical mechanism is explained in details. The incident electromagnetic energy can only flow almost normally through the outer surface into or out of the permittivity-near-zero object, which leads to large energy stream density and then strong electric field inside the object. Meanwhile, the magnetic field inside the permittivity-near-zero object may be smaller than that of the incident wave, which is also helpful for enhancing the electric field. Two permittivity-near-zero objects of simple shapes, namely, a thin cylindrical shell and a long thin rectangular bar, are chosen for numerical illustration. The enhancement of the electric field becomes stronger when the permittivity-near-zero object becomes thinner. The physical mechanism of the field enhancement is completely different from the plasmonic resonance enhancement at a metal surface

Squeezing electromagnetic energy with a dielectric split ring inside a permeability-near-zero metamaterial

A novel electromagnetic energy squeezing mechanism is proposed based on the special properties of permeability-near-zero metamaterials. Nearly no energy stream can enter a conventional dielectric region positioned inside a permeability-near-zero material. When a source is surrounded by a dielectric split ring (encloser with a gap opened), the electromagnetic energy generated by the source is forced to propagate through the gap. When the gap is narrow, the energy stream density becomes very large and makes the magnetic field enhanced drastically in the gap. The narrow gap can be long and bended. This provides us a method to obtain strong magnetic field without using resonance enhancement.Comment: 17pages, 4 figure

Delay in diabetic retinopathy screening increases the rate of detection of referable diabetic retinopathy

Aims - To assess whether there is a relationship between delay in retinopathy screening after diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes and level of retinopathy detected. Methods - Patients were referred from 88 primary care practices to an English National Health Service diabetic eye screening programme. Data for screened patients were extracted from the primary care databases using semi-automated data collection algorithms supplemented by validation processes. The programme uses two-field mydriatic digital photographs graded by a quality assured team. Results - Data were available for 8183 screened patients with diabetes newly diagnosed in 2005, 2006 or 2007. Only 163 with Type 1 diabetes were identified and were insufficient for analysis. Data were available for 8020 with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. Of these, 3569 were screened within 6 months, 2361 between 6 and 11 months, 1058 between 12 and 17 months, 366 between 18 and 23 months, 428 between 24 and 35 months, and 238 at 3 years or more after diagnosis. There were 5416 (67.5%) graded with no retinopathy, 1629 (20.3%) with background retinopathy in one eye, 753 (9.4%) with background retinopathy in both eyes and 222 (2.8%) had referable diabetic retinopathy. There was a significant trend (P = 0.0004) relating time from diagnosis to screening detecting worsening retinopathy. Of those screened within 6 months of diagnosis, 2.3% had referable retinopathy and, 3 years or more after diagnosis, 4.2% had referable retinopathy. Conclusions - The rate of detection of referable diabetic retinopathy is elevated in those who were not screened promptly after diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes

Bessel beam propagation: Energy localization and velocity

The propagation of a Bessel beam (or Bessel-X wave) is analyzed on the basis of a vectorial treatment. The electric and magnetic fields are obtained by considering a realistic situation able to generate that kind of scalar field. Specifically, we analyze the field due to a ring-shaped aperture over a metallic screen on which a linearly polarized plane wave impinges. On this basis, and in the far field approximation, we can obtain information about the propagation of energy flux and the velocity of the energy.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Into New Lands: the Principle of Navigation

The principle address at the Forty-fourth commencement of the Rice Institute on May 31, 195

Non-Linear Deformations of Liquid-Liquid Interfaces Induced by Electromagnetic Radiation Pressure

The idea of working with a near-critical phase-separated liquid mixture whereby the surface tension becomes weak, has recently made the field of laser manipulation of liquid interfaces a much more convenient tool in practice. The deformation of interfaces may become as large as several tenths of micrometers, even with the use of conventional laser power. This circumstance necessitates the use of nonlinear geometrical theory for the description of surface deformations. The present paper works out such a theory, for the surface deformation under conditions of axial symmetry and stationarity. Good agreement is found with the experimental results of Casner and Delville [A. Casner and J. P. Delville, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 87}, 054503 (2001); Opt. Lett. {\bf 26}, 1418 (2001); Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 90}, 144503 (2003)], in the case of moderate power or a broad laser beam. In the case of large power and a narrow beam, corresponding to surface deformations of about 50 micrometers or higher, the theory is found to over-predict the deformation. Possible explanations of this discrepancy are discussed.Comment: RevTeX4, 19 pages, 4 figures. Sec. IIIB rewritten, 4 new references. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Associations between selected demographic, biological, school environmental and physical education based correlates, and adolescent physical activity

The study investigated associations between selected physical activity correlates among 299 adolescents (90 boys, age 12-14 years) from 3 English schools. Physical activity was assessed by self-report and accelerometry. Correlates represented biological, predisposing, and demographic factors as described in the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model. Boys engaged in more self-reported (p < .01) and accelerometer assessed physical activity than girls (p = .02). Positive associations between sex (male), BMI, Perceived PE Ability, Perceived PE Worth, number of enrolled students, and physical activity outcomes were evident (p < .05). Schoolbased physical activity promotion should emphasize sex-specific enhancement of students' perceived PE competence and enjoyment

NT 500 X Concise Greek

1. Black, David Alan. It\u27s Still Greek to Me: An Easy-to-Understand Guide to Intermediate Greek. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. 2. Cotterell, Peter and Max Turner. Linguistics and Biblical Interpretation. London: S.P.C.K.; Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity, 1989. 3. Douglas, J.D., ed. The 5ew Greek-English Interlinear 5ew Testament. Wheaton: Tyndale, 1990. 4. NT500X Course Packethttps://place.asburyseminary.edu/syllabi/1650/thumbnail.jp